INTRODUCTION TO CHEMICAL COMBINATION

CHEMICAL COMBINATION

                                Chemical combination can be defined as a process where the rest element is used to complete the octet or duplet structure in which rare or noble gases ore possessed

                                  TYPES OF CHEMICAL COMBINATION

Electrovalent Bonding or Ionic bonding

Covalent bonding

N:B Covalent bonding sub divided into two

a.       Ordinary covalent

b.       Dative covalent bonding

What is electrovalent or ionic bonding

Electrovalent bonding can be defined as the transfer of electron from one element to another in other to attain the octet or duplet structure in which rare or noble gases are possessed.

Example

Sodium with symbol (Na) has 11 has its atomic number. Assuming we are to configure the element using

K                   L        M            N  electronic configuration method, there

Na will be configured as 2             8              1 (the maximum electron K shell can occupied is 2)

Note: The first duplet, and the second octet shells are complete, but the third octet shell has only one electron:- this element needs either received seven electron from another element or gives out this single electron to an element that needs in other to attain a stable state.

                      Looking at this element also Chlorine with symbol (Cl) has its atomic number to be 17. Using the above methods to configure this element,

:- Cl is configured as 2 8  7

However, this element also needs a single element to complete its third octet shell,  in other to obtain a stable state.

From the two elements above, sodium will be eager to lose its single valency electron to chlorine in other to attain its stable state, while Chlorine will also receive will be eager to receive the single electron in other to attain it stable state.

                      This is where the transfer of electron takes place. Important things to know:

a.       Na is a donor

b.       Cl is a receiver

c.       A donor is usually a metal carrying positive charges

d.       A receiver is always non metal carrying negative charges.

                                    CHARACTERISTICS OF AN IONIC BONDING

1.       They have very strong attractive force

2.       They have high melting and boiling point

3.       They are good conductor of electricity and good electrolyte

4.       They do not require catalyst

5.       The reaction between the electrovalent element occurs spontaneously

6.       They consist of ions and not molecules

COVALENT BONDING

Covalent bonding can be defined as the sharing of electron between elements in other to attain their stable state.

Note: the difference between covalent and electrovalent is that covalent shares electron while electrovalent transfer electron.

Examples

Let look into the formation of H_2(g)

Hydrogen is an element with atomic number 1 configure hydrogen using K L M N, it has only k shell then its possessed only one electron for the shell.

But remember that the maximum electron to be obtained by K shell is 2 electrons, therefore, hydrogen needs another one electron to complete the k shell.

Assuming we have another Hydrogen that also needs one electron, in this situation, nobody is ready to lose any electron to anybody, instead they can share the electron together this way

 H₁ + H₁ = H₂

Sharing it this way they both have complete k shell

Using diagram to illustrate, its looks like this

                                                                                               

From the above diagram we can see they shared the electron.

CHARACTERISTICS OF COVALENT BONDING

1.       They have weak attractive force

2.       They exist within a non metallic element to form compound

3.       They have low melting and boiling point

4.       They are all gasses or liquid at room temperature

5.       They dissolve in non-polar solvent

6.       Most of covalent compound are non electrolyte and poor conductor of electricity

7.       They react together very slowly i.e the will need catalyst                                               

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